是什么塑造了尼安德特人的独特脸型?--中国数字科技馆
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是什么塑造了尼安德特人的独特脸型?

是什么塑造了尼安德特人的独特脸型?(科学60S) 0:00/0:00
最新发布时间: 2018-08-13
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 The jutting midface of Neandertals seems to have evolved to help get large volumes of air into an active body that needed lots of oxygen.

进化使尼安德特人的面部中间突起来,这样似乎有助于他们高运动量大的身体吸入大量的空气。

 

撰稿/播音:凯伦·霍普金Karen Hopkin)

翻译:姜帆

校对:张艺箫

Neandertal walks into a bar. Bartender says, “Why the long, forward-projecting face?” Well, according to a new study, it helped the Neandertal air-condition the large volumes of oxygen he inhaled to support his active lifestyle. The work appears in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The bartender appears in many, many jokes. [Stephen Wroe et al., Computer simulations show that Neanderthal facial morphology represents adaptation to cold and high energy demands, but not heavy biting]

如果尼安德特人走进一间酒吧。酒保会问“为什么你的又长又向前凸”根据一项新的研究,这样的脸型能让尼安德特人吸入大量氧气,来保证高运动量的生活方式。这项研究出现在英国皇家学会会议记录B,而这名酒保出现在许多笑话中。

 

Neandertals had a distinct facial appearance: heavy brows, big noses and a protruding upper jaw. And scientists have long wondered why that configuration. The foreheads, it appears, they inherited from their ancestors. But the jutting midface—that was an evolutionary innovation all their own.

尼安德特人具有鲜明的面部外观:厚重的眉毛,大鼻子和突出的上颚。科学家们一直很想知道他们为什么长成那个样子他们的额头看继承祖先。但是面部中间的突出——是自进化形成的

 

Some scientists say it’s so they could use those prominent front teeth for some serious chomping. Others say it gave their nasal passages the right size and shape to warm and moisten the cold, dry, Ice Age air.

一些科学家说,这是因为他们可以使用这些突出的前牙进行有力的咀嚼。还有些科学家认为们鼻腔尺寸和形状可以使冰河时代寒干冷的空气变得温暖、湿润。

 

To put the theories to the test, researchers constructed a set of 3-D simulations of the skulls of various humans. They included a Neandertal and an earlier Homo heidelbergensis as well as a handful of more modern noggins: males and females from Europe and Asia and an Arctic Inuit. And they digitally crash-tested the faces to see how they responded to the loads imposed by heavy biting.

为了验证这些理论,研究人员构建了一套各种人类头骨的三维仿真模型。其中包括尼安德特人和先前的海德堡人,以及一些现代一点头骨:来自欧洲和亚洲的男性和女性还有北极因纽特人。他们通过数值模拟的方式对脸部进行碰撞测试,看看他们在大力咬合的负载下有何反应。

 

Seems the protruding choppers of the Neandertal were not particularly well suited to forceful mastication. Some of the modern humans seemed to be more efficient when it comes to using less muscle to take a big bite.

尼安德特人突出的牙齿似乎不太适合强有力的咀嚼。一些现代人似乎咀嚼效率更高,他们使用少肌肉进行更有力的咬合。

 

Then the researchers modeled how air flowed through Neandertal nasal passages. And that’s when things got interesting. The results indicate that Neandertals were better at heating and humidifying air than H. heidelbergensis. But so are us modern peoples—whether we hail from cold or hot climates.

接下来,研究人员模拟了空气流经尼安德特人的鼻腔的过程。而这时事情开始变得有趣。结果表明,尼安德特人在加热和加湿空气方面比海德堡人更好。但我们现代人也是如此——无论我们是来自寒冷还是炎热的气候。

 

Where Neandertals really stood out was in their ability to move large volumes of air through their nasal passages in and out of their lungs. That’s a plus when you spend your days running down mastodons. Or running from other critters whose teeth are better adapted for biting action than yours are.

尼安德特人真正脱颖而出的地方在于能够将大量的空气通过鼻腔进出于肺部。当你整天都在追捕乳齿象或者逃离那些具有比你的牙齿咬合能力更强的动物时,能吸入更多空气的确是一个加分项

 

So if the bartender is still listening, that's why the distinctive Neandertal face.

所以如果酒保还在听的话,以上就是尼安德特人长着独特的脸的原因。


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