Bottling the Sun's Power on Earth
地球上的“小太阳”
A breakthrough in fusion could solve the world's energy problems, but remains improbable. David Biello reports
一项在核聚变技术领域中的突破或许可以解决世界能源问题,但目前来看,要制造地球上的“小太阳”,还很不靠谱。
撰文/播音 戴维•艾罗( David Biello)
翻译 王宁
审校 吴东远
The military, space and aviation experts at Lockheed Martin want you to know that they're closing in on fusion. The firm's secretive Skunk Works has announced that its compact fusion reactor is a mere 10 years away and would investors please send money.
洛克希德马丁公司(Lockheed Martin,一家航空航天公司)的军事、空间与航天领域的专家想让人们知道他们有望攻克核聚变难题。该公司的机密项目研发部门“臭鼬工厂”宣布,小型的核聚变反应堆将在10年内问世,并称它将对得起投资者的钱。
The device would work… if it works…by fusing atoms of hydrogen together. This fusion produces a larger atom—helium—plus copious energy. As a bonus, fusion does not produce radioactive waste, unlike its poor cousin fission that's in use in nuclear reactors around the world today
如果这一装置可以正常运行的话,它将通过氢原子合成更大的氦原子的核聚变反应,产生巨大的能量。此外,核聚变与世界各地广泛应用的核裂变反应堆不同,它不会产生任何放射性污染。.
The key to Lockheed's device, they say, is superconductors. They’ll create magnetic fields strong enough to contain the superhot plasma created by fusion. When the atoms of heavy hydrogen fuse in that plasma, neutrons are released that then hit the reactor wall, heating it. That heat then boils water to make steam to spin a turbine.
洛克希德装置的关键是“超导体”,它们能产生足够强大的磁场来控制核裂变产生的炙热等离子体,当两个重氢原子在等离子体中聚变时,释放出的中子会撞击反应容器壁,并加热它,产生的热量会用来加热水,产生蒸汽并推动涡轮机转动。
Or so the theory goes. Unfortunately neutrons have a nasty habit of making materials brittle, among other challenges faced by Lockheed and everyone else chasing fusion.
尽管理论上行得通,但不幸的是中子有一个很不好的特性,它会使材料变脆,这是洛克希德以及其它探索核聚变的人们都要面临的问题。
Of course, the world already enjoys the benefits of one fusion reactor, which sits at a comfortable remove and can be easily harnessed with a working technology called photovoltaics. It's called the sun.
当然,世界正在享受一个核聚变反应堆带来的利益,它距地球的距离刚刚好,并且它产生的能量可以轻松地运用于光伏技术,它被称为——太阳。
(题图来源:Monty Rakusen)